Floral origin markers for authenticating Lavandin honey (Lavandula angustifolia x latifolia). Discrimination from Lavender honey (Lavandula latifolia)

The aim of this study was to identify the botanical origin of Lavandin honey, a monofloral product of recent proliferation obtained from a hybrid of the species Lavandula angustifolia and Lavandula latifolia. Lavandin was authenticated here in chemical, palynological and sensory terms, and discriminated from the more common Lavender honey (L. latifolia).A total of 14 physico–chemical parameters, 26 pollen types, 13 sensory attributes and 80 volatile compounds were identified and/or quantified for this purpose.High concentrations of γ-nonalactone, farnesol and acetovanillone, which were for the first time identified as components of honey aroma in this study, together with several lactones, dehydrovomifoliol, 4-methoxyacetophenone and decanal are proposed as chemical markers for authenticating Lavandin monofloral honey. In sensory terms, increased scores for “caramel” and “peach compote” sensations, together with an increased Rubus pollen content, provide additional useful information for the accurate authentication of Lavandin honey and its discrimination from Lavender honey (L. latifolia).Results showed enough floral markers to authenticate the botanical origin of Lavandin honey allowing its marketing as monofloral rather than generic honey.     

固相萃取-高效液相色谱-串联质谱法测定蜂胶中氯霉素残留

该文建立固相萃取结合高效液相色谱-串联质谱技术(solid phase extraction-high performance liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry,SPE-HPLC-MS/MS)测定蜂胶中氯霉素残留的检测方法。蜂胶样品经乙腈溶解,氢氧化钙溶液沉淀杂质,Bond Elut Plexa固相萃取柱(6mL,200mg)净化,Kinetex C18色谱柱(50mm×2.1mm,2.6μm)分离,以水-乙腈为流动相梯度洗脱分离,在负模式下,采用多反应监测(multiple reaction monitoring,MRM)模式检测,内标法定量。结果表明,氯霉素在0.1μg/L~500.0μg/L范围内线性关系良好(R2>0.99),检出限为0.4μg/kg,定量限为1.0μg/kg。氯霉素在蜂胶样品中添加水平为1、2、10μg/kg时平均回收率为93.2%~103.4%,日内和日间相对标准偏差分别为0.98%~3.95%和0.93%~5.37%(n=5)。该方法操作简便,耗时短,灵敏度高,稳定性好,适用于蜂胶中氯霉素残留筛查检测及定量分析。     

Mycotoxin Biomarkers of Exposure: A Comprehensive Review

To date, the use of biomarkers has become generally accepted. Biomarker‐driven research has been proposed as a successful method to assess the exposure to xenobiotics by using concentrations of the parent compounds and/or metabolites in biological matrices such as urine or blood. However, the identification and validation of biomarkers of exposure remain a challenge. Recent advances in high‐resolution mass spectrometry along with new analytical (post‐acquisition data‐mining) techniques will improve the quality and output of the biomarker identification process. Chronic or even acute exposure to mycotoxins remains a daily fact, and therefore it is crucial that the mycotoxins’ metabolism is unravelled so more knowledge on biomarkers in humans and animals is acquired. This review aims to provide the scientific community with a comprehensive overview of reported in vitro and in vivo mycotoxin metabolism studies in relation to biomarkers of exposure for deoxynivalenol, nivalenol, fusarenon‐X, T‐2 toxin, diacetoxyscirpenol, ochratoxin A, citrinin, fumonisins, zearalenone, aflatoxins, and sterigmatocystin.     

基于聚类分析和主成分分析的洋槐蜜成熟过程中主要成分变化研究

为探究蜂蜜在自然成熟过程中营养成分变化规律,分别采用阿贝折光仪、高效液相色谱仪（High Performance Liquid Chromatography, HPLC）、气相色谱-质谱联用仪（Gas Chromatography-Mass Spectrometry, GC-MS）以及高效液相色谱串联质谱仪（High Performance Liquid Chromatography-Tandem Mass Spectrometry, HPLC-MS/MS）测定了洋槐蜜中水分、单糖及二糖、9种低聚糖及18种多酚含量,并结合分层聚类分析（Hierarchical Cluster Analysis, HCA）及主成分分析（Principal Component Analysis, PCA）对不同成熟天数的洋槐蜜进行区分。结果表明:洋槐蜜在成熟过程中,水分、低聚糖和多酚类物质含量变化明显。其中水分、蔗果三糖和松三糖的含量分别降低了5.77、0.09和3.47 g/100 g,而麦芽酮糖、松二糖、吡喃基葡蔗糖和异麦芽糖的含量则分别升高了0.85、1.65、2.43和0.25 g/100 g。多酚类物质中芦丁、山奈酚、原儿茶酸和对羟基苯甲酸的含量总体升高,没食子酸、桑色素、阿魏酸、高良姜素、咖啡酸苯乙酯、咖啡酸和柯因的含量呈现先升高后降低,苯甲酸和对香豆酸的含量呈现先降低后升高。此外,松三糖含量在洋槐蜜不同成熟天数下显著降低（P<0.05）,对羟基苯甲酸和咖啡酸含量在洋槐蜜不同成熟天数下均显著升高（P<0.05）,可以作为判定洋槐蜜成熟的潜在特征指标。化学计量学分析结果表明:低聚糖和多酚可以很好地区分不同成熟天数下的洋槐蜜。     

Phenolic acids and abscisic acid in Australian Eucalyptus honeys and their potential for floral authentication

Seven phenolic acids related to the botanical origins of nine monofloral Eucalyptus honeys from Australia, along with two abscisic isomers, have been analyzed. The mean content of total phenolic acids ranges from 2.14 mg/100 g honey of black box (Eucalyptus largiflorens) honey to 10.3 mg/100 g honey of bloodwood (Eucalyptus intermedia) honey, confirming an early finding that species-specific differences of phytochemical compositions occur quantitatively among these Eucalyptus honeys. A common profile of phenolic acids, comprising gallic, chlorogenic, coumaric and caffeic acids, can be found in all the Eucalyptus honeys, which could be floral markers for Australian Eucalyptus honeys. Thus, the analysis of phenolic acids could also be used as an objective method for the authentication of botanical origin of Eucalyptus honeys. Moreover, all the honey samples analyzed in this study contain gallic acid as the main phenolic acid, except for stringybox (Eucalyptus globoidia) honey which has ellagic acid as the main phenolic acid. This result indicates that the species-specific differences can also be found in the honey profiles of phenolic acids. Furthermore, the analysis of abscisic acid in honey shows that the content of abscisic acid varies from 0.55 mg/100 g honey of black box honey to 4.68 mg/100 g honey of bloodwood honey, corresponding to the contents of phenolic acids measured in these honeys. These results have further revealed that the HPLC analysis of honey phytochemical constituents could be used individually and/or jointly for the authentication of the botanical origins of Australian Eucalyptus honeys.     

稳定同位素技术在蜂蜜真实性溯源中的研究进展

蜂蜜作为一种纯天然的食品,因丰富的营养价值以及良好的保健功效而深受消费者喜爱。然而,随着近年来蜂蜜消费量的不断增多,蜂蜜掺假、以次充好等现象日益严重。因此,蜂蜜的真实性溯源研究也变得更为迫切。稳定同位素技术是食品真实性溯源的有效的技术之一,在蜂蜜的真实性溯源研究方面也有较多成果。本文综述了稳定同位素技术在蜂蜜掺假、产地鉴别、品种识别方面的研究进展并分析该技术的优点与不足,为进一步推进蜂蜜的真实性溯源研究提供参考。     

神农架林区中蜂蜜理化指标及抗氧化活性分析

该研究以湖北神农架林区5个中蜂蜜样品为研究对象,对其理化指标和总酚酸、总黄酮含量进行测定,采用DPPH·和ABTS+自由基清除试验测定其抗氧化活性。试验结果表明,神农架林区5个中蜂蜜样品理化指标均符合GH/T 18796-2012《蜂蜜》,总黄酮含量为(9.95±0.04)mg/100 g^13.66±0.04mg/100 g;总酚酸含量为(20.69±0.03)mg/100 g^31.71±0.07mg/100 g;5个中蜂蜜样品均具有DPPH·和ABTS+自由基清除能力,IC50值分别在(39.14±0.16)mg/mL^106.63±0.38mg/mL和(48.48±0.22)mg/mL^127.07±1.41mg/mL之间。其中总酚酸含量与清除DPPH·和ABTS+自由基能力存在显著正相关,其相关系数分别为0.973、0.920。该研究首次报道了神农架林区中蜂蜜的理化性质及其抗氧化活性,为神农架林区中蜂蜜的开发利用提供了理论依据。     

Reduction of acrylamide formation by selected agents in fried potato crisps on industrial scale

Great interest and rapid research efforts on acrylamide in foods followed an announcement in April 2002 by the Swedish National Food Authority and the University of Stockholm. Reduction of acrylamide in high-temperature processing foods, including selection of the raw material and variation of processing parameters, etc. were extensive reported. In this research, effect of some agents on acrylamide formation was investigated. A glucose-asparagines reaction model system was used to test the effect of ferulic acid, catechin, CaCl₂, NaHSO₃, and l-cysteine on inhibition of acrylamide formation and three efficient inhibitors, NaHSO₃, CaCl₂ and l-cysteine were screened. The results showed that immersing of the fresh potato chips using different concentration of the agents greatly inhibited acrylamide formation in fried potato crisps, and the efficiency increased as their concentrations increased; among them, l-cysteine is the most efficient agent but CaCl₂ is most potential. Effects of these food additives on the texture of fried potato crisps were also studied. It was found that l-cysteine showed little effect on the texture of the crisps and CaCl₂ is regarded as the suitable choice because of its low price and the acceptable mouth feel of fried crisps treated by CaCl₂, although it increased the brittleness. Moreover, the application of CaCl₂ in industrial production of fried potato crisps was also studied. In the blanching process (deactivation process of enzymes at 85 °C), a computerized electrical conductivity detector was used to keep the concentration of CaCl₂ at constant and the result showed that immersion of potato slices in CaCl₂ solution at 5 g/L reduced acrylamide formation by more than 85% in fried crisps.Industrial relevanceThis research presents a technology to inhibit acrylamide formation in fried potato chips by immersion of fresh potato chips with some food additives. The approach suggested that cysteine and calcium chloride significantly decreased the content of acrylamide in fried potato chips and their concentrations could be kept constant by using a conductor as a detector.     

Improving DNA isolation from honey for the botanical origin identification

Honey is a natural product highly consumed due its known association with health benefits. Monofloral honeys are perceived as better quality products, being the most appreciated by consumers, thus attaining higher market values. Therefore efficient tools are needed as alternatives to the classical microscopic analysis presently used for the botanical origin identification of honey. In the present work, the use of DNA-based methods for the botanical species identification of honey is proposed. For this purpose, five DNA extraction methods (the kits NucleoSpin Plant (methods A and B) and DNeasy Plant Mini Kit, and the in-house CTAB-based and Wizard methods) combined with three different sample pre-treatments were applied to four honey samples (3 monofloral honeys of Calluna vulgaris, Lavandula spp. and Eucalyptus spp. and one multifloral honey). The 15 DNA extraction protocols were compared in terms of DNA integrity, yield and purity, as well as capacity of amplification targeting universal and adh1 specific genes of C. vulgaris. The results demonstrated the superior efficacy of the Wizard method in terms of DNA quality and amplification capacity, when combined with the sample preparation treatment with a mechanical disruption step of pollen to improve DNA yield. Although with considerable lower DNA yields, the CTAB and DNeasy methods were also successful because both were able to clearly amplify heather DNA from the monofloral heather honey.